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A few countries have more castles then others, but most European countries have them, since during the middle ages wars happened throughout Europe, but notable castels in western Europe are in Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain while in Eastern Europe you can find some impressive medieval castles in Poland, Romania, Czech Republic and Hungary, or at least the typical western castles that are the standard image for a castle. The age of castle building began in the early middle ages, so the classic image of a castle emerges from then on, and continues until the end of Renaissance when the fire power of guns and cannons required a new design in fortifications changing the shape of walls ,towers and bastions for the new age of gunpowder. After the Roman Empire fell, fortifications became important for the protection and defense of villages and delimitation of frontiers and borders, and since then, instead of one great empire, many smaller kingdoms and duchies needed to control their allotted land and built as many forts and castles as they could have been given by their resources.
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Since Antiquity, fortifications were an effective means of controlling the terrain around you, it could be used to garrison soldiers and control traffic along the nearby route.